Gold Loan Default and Auction Defence, RBI Rules, citizen guide 2026

If your gold loan lender has sent an auction notice, refused to hand back your ornaments after repayment, or quietly rolled over the loan at a higher rate, you are not powerless. The Reserve Bank of India tightened the gold loan framework on 30 September 2024 and harmonised bank and NBFC rules in the 2025 update, and your family ornaments are protected by a stack of rights most lenders quietly bury. This citizen guide gives you a 30-minute action plan, the exact RBI rules every gold loan borrower can quote, a four-tier complaint ladder, three ready-to-send letter templates, and ten frequently asked questions, anchored to the RBI Master Direction on Lending Against Gold Ornaments, the Reserve Bank Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021, the Indian Contract Act 1872 §§172-179, the Sale of Goods Act 1930, the Consumer Protection Act 2019, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, and key Supreme Court rulings on a pawnee's duty of care.

This is a citizen-first walkthrough for Indian gold loan borrowers facing an auction notice, an inflated payoff statement, missing surplus refund, recovery agent harassment, or a refusal to hand back ornaments after full repayment. It maps the statutory rights you hold across banks, NBFCs (Muthoot, Manappuram, IIFL, Bajaj, regional players), and cooperative lenders, and the regulator-first remedy ladder ending at the consumer commission and the civil court.

The Indian gold loan book crossed six lakh crore rupees in 2025, the fastest-growing retail credit segment. Two-thirds sits with the three large gold-loan NBFCs and a fast-growing tail of regional players. After RBI's 30 September 2024 directions and the 2025 harmonisation of bank and NBFC rules, the regulator is openly worried about valuation gaps, evergreening through roll-overs, opaque storage fees, and WhatsApp auction notices. Auction complaints are now the second-largest category in Banking Ombudsman filings against NBFCs, after recovery harassment. Most disputes fail not on facts but on documents the borrower never asked for at the pledge counter.

[Your Name], a small shopkeeper in a tier-three town, pledged twenty-two grammes of 22-carat family ornaments with a large gold loan NBFC in April 2024, drawing a loan of one lakh twenty thousand rupees at 16 per cent per annum. The branch staff weighed the ornaments in the back office without showing the digital scale and handed over a pledge slip with the gross weight typed in but the net weight column blank. During a six-month income shock, two interest dues were missed. On 8 May 2026, [Your Name] received a WhatsApp forward from a number saved as 'Branch Manager' stating that the ornaments would be auctioned 'next week'. No written notice, no payoff statement, no reserve price disclosed. [Your Name] visited the branch, demanded the original Pawnbroker Receipt photographs, valuation slip, and day-zero amortisation table. The branch admitted no photographs had been taken at pledge. [Your Name] emailed the Principal Nodal Officer the same evening and stayed the auction. The payoff was rebuilt at simple interest, the surprise storage fee removed, ornaments returned within nine days, written apology issued. Eleven days, zero lawyer fees.

Act in this order. Do not call the branch first. Get your paper trail in place before any conversation.

1. Pull the pledge slip or Pawnbroker Receipt from the sanction day. It must show gross weight, net weight after stone deduction, purity in carats, loan amount, rate, and maturity date. A receipt with a blank net weight column is your single best evidentiary lever.
2. Pull the valuation report or assayer certificate signed in your presence at pledge. If you do not have a copy, email the branch and ask.
3. Pull every payment receipt and SMS for interest, principal part-payment, insurance premium, storage, and processing fee.
4. Calculate the exact outstanding yourself. Principal plus contractual simple or monthly-rest interest only. Strip anything not in your sanction letter or MITC. Storage and re-valuation charges not in the MITC are unenforceable.
5. Email the Grievance Redressal Officer and the Principal Nodal Officer. Every regulated lender publishes both. Ask for (a) a written payoff statement signed by an officer, (b) a copy of any auction notice, © confirmation of the seven-day notice rule, and (d) the reserve price.
6. Get the auction notice in writing. WhatsApp, phone call, or doorstep visit is not notice in law. Until you have a letterhead notice, the seven-day clock has not started.
7. If the notice gives less than seven days clear from the date of receipt, escalate the same day to the Principal Nodal Officer and the RBI complaint portal.
8. Visit the branch and ask to see the bidder register. Lenders must maintain a public bidder register; refusal is a red flag.

If the auction is scheduled within seventy-two hours, file the RB-IOS 2021 complaint at cms.rbi.org.in the same evening, attach the WhatsApp screenshot, pledge slip, and your emails, and request an interim stay.

The RBI Master Direction on Lending Against the Pledge of Gold Ornaments and Jewellery (September 2024 update, harmonised across banks and NBFCs in the 2025 framework) is the spine. Below is what every gold loan borrower in India can quote on a single page.

Lenders cannot disburse more than 75 per cent of gross weight times purity-adjusted current gold price as a loan against pledge. The cap applied to banks from 2014 and now applies uniformly to NBFCs after the 2025 framework parity. If your sanction was over-LTV at origination, that is the lender's fault, and the over-loaned portion cannot be recovered through auction of additional ornaments or by demanding a top-up pledge.

Valuation must be done in the borrower's presence, with the digital scale visible, the purity test (touchstone or karat meter) recorded, and a valuation slip signed by appraiser and borrower handed over at sanction. The slip must show gross weight, net weight after stone deduction, carat purity, and the rate per gramme used. A blank or incomplete valuation slip is a breach of the Master Direction.

The lender must take and retain date-stamped photographs of the ornaments at pledge. The borrower is entitled to a copy on request. Absence of contemporaneous pledge photographs is a powerful evidentiary lever if the lender later claims the gold delivered was lower in weight or purity than what you pledged.

If the gold was hallmarked at pledge under BIS norms, the same hallmark must reconcile at auction. Any deviation needs a reasoned written report by an independent assayer. Lenders cannot quietly reduce the purity at auction to suppress the reserve price.

RBI norms require minimum seven days clear written notice on the lender's letterhead, served at the last recorded address or email. A WhatsApp forward, phone call, or doorstep warning is not notice in law. The same floor flows from the pawnee's duty to give reasonable notice under section 176 of the Indian Contract Act 1872.

The reserve price must equal current market value (gross weight x purity x the prevailing 22-carat or 24-carat rate on auction day), not the outstanding loan amount. An auction below the reserve price, or with the reserve price set at the outstanding amount, is voidable. The borrower can demand the bidder register, the auction-day valuation slip, and the matching rate sheet.

Any amount realised above the outstanding dues plus auction expenses must be refunded within seven days. The borrower is entitled to the full auction account: gross proceeds, expenses head by head, and the surplus calculation.

Top-ups and renewals require fresh written consent. An auto-roll at a higher rate without a fresh signed sanction letter and KFS is a breach of contract and the Fair Practice Code.

Insurance on pledged ornaments is the lender's responsibility; the cost passed on cannot exceed the actual premium. Any storage, locker, or re-valuation fee must be disclosed in the MITC at sanction. Surprise levies introduced mid-tenure are unenforceable.

The Master Direction does not impose a broad interest cap but every charge must be in the MITC, reasonable, and within the RBI Fair Practice Code. Foreclosure penalties on individual floating-rate retail loans were banned by RBI on 5 June 2012 and the logic extends to gold loans. Borrowers can redeem the pledge at any point before the auction is completed by paying the corrected payoff.

Not a notice in law. The Master Direction requires written notice on the lender's letterhead. Reply by email demanding the written notice; the seven-day clock starts only when you receive it.

Wrong. Reserve price equals market value (gross weight x purity x prevailing rate). An auction below market value is voidable; demand the bidder register.

Below the seven-day floor. Quote the Master Direction and section 176 of the Indian Contract Act 1872. Email the Principal Nodal Officer and RBI CMS the same day.

A clear conflict of interest. Demand the bidder register and buyer KYC. Lenders cannot auction to an in-house subsidiary or related party without arm's-length disclosure.

Breach of the Master Direction. Without pledge photographs the lender cannot prove the auction gold matched the pledged gold. Your single biggest leverage in negotiation.

Demand a reasoned independent assayer report. Any unexplained drop in purity is the lender's loss; the locker was in their custody throughout.

Surplus must be refunded within seven days. Email the Principal Nodal Officer then RBI CMS. The ombudsman frequently orders nine per cent simple interest on delayed surplus.

A top-up or renewal without a fresh signed sanction letter, KFS, and consent is a breach of contract. File the grievance, then RBI CMS if no relief.

Storage must be in the MITC at sanction. A levy introduced mid-tenure or at payoff is unenforceable. Quote the Fair Practice Code and demand removal.

The RBI Fair Practice Code 2003 and the Code of Conduct for Recovery Agents 2008 bar harassment, calls before 8 a.m. or after 7 p.m., workplace visits, and pressure on family. Record the incident, complain in writing to the lender, copy the local police if threats are involved, then file at RBI CMS.

Send this from your registered email. Mark a copy to the Principal Nodal Officer and to yourself. Attach the pledge slip, valuation slip, and any auction notice.

Subject: Written grievance and stay of auction request, loan account [Loan Account],
         demand for written reply in 7 days

To,
The Branch Manager, [Branch]
The Grievance Redressal Officer, [Lender Name]
The Principal Nodal Officer, [Lender Name]

Sir or Madam,

I am the borrower in gold loan account number [Loan Account], sanctioned on
[date], with pledge of [gross weight] grammes of 22-carat ornaments, against
which a loan of Rs.[amount] was disbursed.

My specific grievances are:
1. The auction notice dated [date] was sent only via WhatsApp / phone call and
   not in writing on the lender's letterhead, in breach of the RBI Master
   Direction on Lending Against Gold Ornaments and section 176 of the Indian
   Contract Act 1872.
2. The reserve price stated in the notice (Rs.[amount]) is set at the
   outstanding loan amount and not at the current market value
   (gross weight x purity x prevailing 22-carat rate). This breaches the
   Master Direction.
3. The valuation slip handed over at sanction did not record net weight after
   stone deduction and was not signed by me in the appraiser's presence.
4. No photographs of the pledged ornaments were taken at sanction, in breach
   of the Master Direction.
5. A storage fee of Rs.[amount], not disclosed in the MITC at sanction, has
   been added to the payoff statement.

Reliefs sought:
(a) Immediate stay of the auction pending written disposal of this grievance.
(b) A written payoff statement signed by an officer, with simple interest
    only, the surprise storage fee removed, and the corrected reserve price
    disclosed in writing.
(c) Copies of the pledge slip, valuation slip, pledge photographs, MITC, and
    the auction notice on letterhead.
(d) Written response signed by an officer within 7 working days of receipt of
    this email, in compliance with the RBI Fair Practice Code and the Reserve
    Bank Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021.

If a satisfactory written response is not received within 7 working days, I
will file a complaint at https://cms.rbi.org.in under RB-IOS 2021 and seek
costs and compensation.

Yours faithfully,
[Your Name]
[Address]
[Phone]
[Email]

If the lender refuses to stay the auction in writing, send this short application by registered post and email simultaneously. It builds the paper trail you will need at the ombudsman or consumer commission.

Subject: Application for stay of auction, loan account [Loan Account]

To,
The Auction Officer / Branch Manager, [Lender Name]
The Principal Nodal Officer, [Lender Name]

Sir or Madam,

Reference: Auction notice dated [date] in respect of gold loan account
           number [Loan Account].

The undersigned hereby objects to the auction scheduled on [date] on the
following grounds:

(i)   The notice does not comply with the seven days clear written notice
      floor in the RBI Master Direction on Lending Against Gold Ornaments
      and section 176 of the Indian Contract Act 1872.
(ii)  The reserve price has not been disclosed at market value (gross weight
      x purity x prevailing 22-carat rate on the auction date).
(iii) The valuation slip at sanction was incomplete and the lender did not
      take or retain photographs of the ornaments at the time of pledge.
(iv)  The payoff statement includes charges not disclosed in the MITC.

I hereby (a) tender the corrected payoff of Rs.[amount] by demand draft /
NEFT and demand release of the pledged ornaments, and (b) seek a written
stay of the auction pending written disposal of my grievance dated [date].

Failing a written stay within 72 hours of receipt of this application, I
shall file a complaint at https://cms.rbi.org.in under RB-IOS 2021 and seek
interim relief and costs, and shall reserve liberty to seek criminal
remedies under section 316 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 for criminal
breach of trust by an entrustee.

Yours faithfully,
[Your Name]
[Date]

File at cms.rbi.org.in. Upload as PDF, attach the pledge slip, valuation slip, every payment receipt, the auction notice, your written grievance, and the lender's reply (or proof of no reply).

Complaint under the Reserve Bank Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021

Complainant: [Your Name], [Address], [Phone], [Email]
Respondent : [Lender Name], [Branch], [Address]
Loan Account: [Loan Account]
Sanction date: [date]   Pledge weight: [grammes]   Loan amount: Rs.[amount]

Facts in brief:
1. Pledge of [gross weight] grammes of 22-carat ornaments at [Branch] on
   [date]. Loan of Rs.[amount] disbursed.
2. The valuation slip handed over at sanction did not record net weight,
   was not signed by the borrower, and no photographs of the ornaments
   were taken at the time of pledge.
3. Following an income shock in [month/year], two interest dues were not
   serviced.
4. On [date] the lender sent a WhatsApp message stating that the ornaments
   would be auctioned on [date], with no written notice on letterhead.
5. The reserve price stated equals the outstanding loan amount and not the
   current market value.
6. On [date] the borrower sent a written grievance demanding a stay and
   a corrected payoff. The lender has not replied / replied with no relief
   within seven working days.

Breach of regulations:
(a) RBI Master Direction on Lending Against the Pledge of Gold Ornaments
    and Jewellery (September 2024, 2025 framework) - valuation
    transparency, pledge photographs, seven-day written notice, reserve
    price at market value, surplus refund.
(b) Indian Contract Act 1872, sections 172 to 179, pawnee's duty of care
    and reasonable notice before sale.
(c) RBI Fair Practice Code 2003 and Code of Conduct for Recovery Agents
    2008 - if any harassment occurred.
(d) Reserve Bank Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021, ground of deficiency
    in service.

Reliefs sought:
1. Immediate stay of the auction pending disposal of this complaint.
2. A written payoff statement at simple contractual interest, surprise
   storage fee removed.
3. Release of the pledged ornaments on tender of the corrected payoff.
4. Compensation for mental harassment up to Rs.1,00,000 under RB-IOS 2021
   and refund of any excess charges with simple interest at 9 per cent
   per annum.
5. Any other relief the Ombudsman deems fit.

Declaration: I have not approached any other forum and undertake to inform
the Ombudsman if I do.

[Your Name]
[Date]

1. Tier 1. Branch Manager, Grievance Redressal Officer, and Principal Nodal Officer. Send the written grievance, ask for a written reply in 7 working days. Every regulated lender lists these names on its website.
2. Tier 2. Customer Service Committee or Internal Ombudsman of the lender. Larger NBFCs (Muthoot, Manappuram, IIFL) and all banks have one. Escalate by email if Tier 1 is silent.
3. Tier 3. RBI Banking Ombudsman via cms.rbi.org.in under the Reserve Bank Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021. Covers scheduled commercial banks, urban cooperative banks, payment banks, small finance banks, and NBFCs registered with the RBI that take public funds or have at least one branch. Filing is free, online, binding on the lender, compensation up to thirty lakh rupees plus one lakh for harassment.
4. Tier 4. District or State Consumer Commission via edaakhil for deficiency in service under the Consumer Protection Act 2019, or a civil suit. Parallel: a police or magistrate's complaint under section 316 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 for criminal breach of trust if the lender disposed of the ornaments without a lawful auction.

Keep these in one folder, in this order, named clearly. The same folder works as the evidence pack for the ombudsman and the consumer commission.

1. Pledge slip or Pawnbroker Receipt with gross weight, net weight, purity, loan amount, rate, maturity date.
2. Valuation report or assayer certificate signed at pledge.
3. Pledge photographs from the lender, on request.
4. Most Important Terms and Conditions (MITC) and Key Facts Statement (KFS, for post 1 October 2024 sanctions).
5. All payment receipts and ledger statement of the loan account.
6. Every SMS, email, or WhatsApp from the lender, with date and number.
7. Auction notice on letterhead, if issued.
8. Your written grievance and the lender's reply (or proof of no reply).
9. Identity and address proof; bank statement showing EMI or interest debits.

Every gold loan borrower in India has these floor rights regardless of which lender holds the pledge.

1. 75 per cent loan-to-value cap at origination. Over-LTV is the lender's fault.
2. Contemporaneous valuation in the borrower's presence with a signed valuation slip.
3. Pledge photographs taken and retained by the lender, with a copy on request.
4. Seven days clear written notice on letterhead before any auction.
5. Reserve price equal to market value, not the outstanding loan amount.
6. Right to redeem the pledge any time before the auction is completed.
7. Right to inspect the bidder register.
8. Surplus refund within seven days of auction.
9. Insurance cost capped at the actual premium; storage only if in the MITC.
10. Freedom from harassment under the RBI Fair Practice Code and the Recovery Agents Code.
11. A free complaint at the RBI Banking Ombudsman with compensation up to thirty lakh rupees.

The Master Direction floor is identical. Service levels differ. Public sector banks follow the seven-day notice rule rigorously but are slow at surplus refund. Large private banks are faster but pile on processing and re-valuation fees. The large gold loan NBFCs (Muthoot Finance, Manappuram Finance, IIFL Finance, Bajaj Finance) move faster on disbursal but tend to use WhatsApp notices and short auction windows. Cooperative banks are bound by the Master Direction post 2025 harmonisation but enforcement is patchy.

Smaller NBFCs and unregistered lenders often fall short on photographs and valuation slips. If your lender is not on the RBI register, the remedy is the state pawnbroker Act plus the Consumer Protection Act 2019, not RB-IOS 2021. Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Maharashtra all have separate pawnbroker rules layered on the RBI floor, typically requiring a licensed stamp on the Pawnbroker Receipt and a state-prescribed register.

Doorstep gold loan apps are bound by the RBI Digital Lending Guidelines 2022 plus the gold loan Master Direction. The KFS, the digital pledge slip, and the digital valuation report must be auditable. Insist on a video of the weighing and purity test.

If the ornaments are jointly owned or family-held, all joint owners must sign the pledge. A pledge signed by only one of two joint owners is contestable under section 172 of the Indian Contract Act 1872.

On death of the borrower, the nominee and legal heirs step in. The lender must serve any auction notice on the nominee and recorded heirs. Surplus must be paid against a succession certificate or letter of administration as applicable.

File an affidavit, attach an indemnity bond, re-verify KYC. The lender must issue a duplicate Pawnbroker Receipt and cannot refuse redemption.

Section 31(j) of the SARFAESI Act 2002 excludes a pledge of moveable property (under section 172 of the Indian Contract Act 1872) from the SARFAESI route. Lenders cannot invoke SARFAESI to auction your pledged gold. The auction is purely contractual plus the Sale of Goods Act 1930. Any 'SARFAESI notice' for a gold pledge is a wrong template and undermines the lender's case.

1. Lallan Prasad v. Rahmat Ali, AIR 1967 SC 1322. A pawnee who sells without giving the pawnor reasonable notice breaches section 176 of the Indian Contract Act 1872 and is liable for the value of the goods at the date of conversion. The foundational authority for every gold loan auction defence in India.
2. Bank of Bihar v. State of Bihar, AIR 1972 SC 1210. The pawnee owes a duty of care over pledged goods and is answerable for any deficiency at redemption.
3. NCDRC benches have repeatedly held that an auction without seven-day written notice and a reserve price at market value is deficiency in service, ordering refund and compensation.
4. RBI ombudsman awards in 2024 and 2025 against large gold loan NBFCs ordered refund of surprise storage fees, return of ornaments, and compensation for mental harassment.

The Right to Information Act 2005 applies to public sector banks and the Reserve Bank of India, not to private NBFCs. Citizens have used RTI to obtain RBI inspection observations on a public sector bank's gold loan vertical, internal auction procedure circulars, and Banking Ombudsman case-load statistics by lender. A well-drafted RTI to the RBI CPIO at the Department of Supervision yields powerful comparative ammunition. Use the AI RTI Drafter to draft the application in two minutes.

A minimum of seven days clear written notice on the lender's letterhead, served at the borrower's last recorded address or email. A WhatsApp message, a phone call, or a doorstep verbal warning is not notice in law. The floor flows from the RBI Master Direction on Lending Against Gold Ornaments and section 176 of the Indian Contract Act 1872, which requires reasonable notice before a pawnee can sell pledged goods on default.

No. The reserve price must equal current market value (gross weight x purity x the prevailing 22-carat or 24-carat rate on auction day), not the outstanding loan amount. An auction below the reserve price, or with the reserve price set at the outstanding amount, is voidable. The borrower can demand the bidder register and the auction-day rate sheet.

Any amount realised at auction above outstanding dues plus auction expenses must be refunded within seven days. The borrower is entitled to the full auction account: gross sale proceeds, head-wise expenses, and the exact surplus calculation. Delays attract ombudsman intervention and typically interest at nine per cent per annum.

Yes. RB-IOS 2021 is a free, online, time-bound forum. It covers scheduled commercial banks, urban cooperative banks, payment banks, small finance banks, and NBFCs registered with the RBI that take public funds or have at least one branch. Compensation can go up to thirty lakh rupees, plus an additional one lakh rupees for mental harassment and loss of time.

Yes, until the auction is completed. The borrower can redeem the pledge any time before the gavel drops by tendering the corrected payoff (principal plus contractual simple or monthly-rest interest, less any disputed charges). Insist on a written payoff statement signed by an officer before you tender the amount.

The reserve price is the floor price below which the ornaments cannot be sold at auction. Under the Master Direction, it must equal current market value: gross weight times purity times the prevailing 22-carat or 24-carat rate on auction day. It is not the outstanding loan amount, the appraised value at pledge, or some opaque internal figure.

No. The Master Direction requires contemporaneous valuation in the borrower's presence with a slip signed by both appraiser and borrower at sanction. The borrower is entitled to a copy at sanction and on demand later. Refusal is a breach to be quoted in the written grievance and the RB-IOS 2021 complaint.

RBI banned foreclosure penalties on individual floating-rate retail loans on 5 June 2012, and the logic extends to gold loans. Even for fixed-rate gold loans, any pre-closure charge or documentation fee at redemption must be disclosed in the MITC at sanction. Surprise levies are unenforceable.

No. Section 31(j) of the SARFAESI Act 2002 expressly excludes a pledge of moveable property (under section 172 of the Indian Contract Act 1872) from the SARFAESI route. Gold loan auctions are contractual plus the Sale of Goods Act 1930. Any SARFAESI notice issued for a gold pledge is a wrong template and a powerful evidentiary lever for the borrower.

Demand a reasoned report by an independent assayer, the pledge photographs, and the locker movement log. The pawnee owes a duty of care over pledged goods (Bank of Bihar v. State of Bihar, AIR 1972 SC 1210) and is answerable for any deficiency at redemption. Any unexplained drop in weight or purity is the lender's loss, refundable with interest, and a ground for both an RB-IOS 2021 complaint and a magistrate's complaint under section 316 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023.

Unregistered lenders and local pawnbrokers fall outside RB-IOS 2021. The remedy is the state pawnbroker Act (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra all have separate rules), the Consumer Protection Act 2019, and the criminal complaint route. Treat any unregistered lender as higher-risk and avoid pledging family-heirloom ornaments there.

1. Home loan EMI dispute, RBI Banking Ombudsman guide
2. CIBIL, NPA, and wilful defaulter tag removal
3. Bank account freeze after cyber fraud
4. Consumer court, how to file in India
5. edaakhil, online consumer commission filing
6. Citizen RTI playbook
7. AI RTI Drafter

1. RBI Master Direction on Lending Against the Pledge of Gold Ornaments and Jewellery (September 2024, 2025 framework parity).
2. RBI Master Circular on Loans and Advances, Statutory and Other Restrictions.
3. RBI Master Direction on Non-Banking Financial Company Scale-Based Regulation Directions 2023.
4. Reserve Bank Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021, cms.rbi.org.in.
5. Indian Contract Act 1872, sections 148-181 (bailment), 172-179 (pledge), 176 (pawnee's right to sell on default after reasonable notice).
6. Sale of Goods Act 1930; SARFAESI Act 2002 section 31(j) (exclusion of pledge); Consumer Protection Act 2019; Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 section 316.
7. Lallan Prasad v. Rahmat Ali, AIR 1967 SC 1322. Bank of Bihar v. State of Bihar, AIR 1972 SC 1210.

Last reviewed by the RTI Wiki editorial team on 16 May 2026.