The RPwD Act 2016 expanded India's disability framework from 7 categories (under the 1995 Act) to 21 categories, and crucially raised reservation in govt jobs from 3% to 4% while also introducing 2% reservation in higher education under §32. But implementation remains uneven — the Chief Commissioner for PWD's Annual Report 2023-24 noted that fewer than 60% of Group A central PSU vacancies are filled at the 4% level, with carry-forward backlogs still pending in many ministries.

The reservation regime sits across three legal layers:

• Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016:
  • §3 — non-discrimination duty on government.
  • §20 — non-discrimination in employment.
  • §32 — 5% reservation in higher education for PWD.
  • §33 — appropriate Government to identify posts suitable for PWD across all establishments.
  • §34 — 4% reservation in govt establishments (the core entitlement).
  • §38 — additional benefits — fee waiver, age relaxation (5 years general; 10 years for SC/ST/OBC PWD), reservation roster.
  • §80 — establishes the State Commissioner for PWD as a statutory authority with civil-court powers; for central matters, the Chief Commissioner for PWD under §74.
• DoPT Office Memorandum dated 4 January 2021 — the consolidated reservation order for all central government posts, listing identified-posts category-wise and detailing the roster, carry-forward and age relaxation.
• State PWD Acts and rules — state PSCs (UPPSC, MPSC, KPSC, MPPSC etc.) implement the same principles via state notifications, with local identified-posts lists.

To claim the 4% reservation, you must satisfy all of these:

• Disability of at least 40% (the “benchmark disability” threshold under §2® of the Act) in one or more of the 21 categories. Examples of categories: blindness, low vision, deafness, hard of hearing, locomotor disability, cerebral palsy, leprosy cured, dwarfism, muscular dystrophy, acid attack victims, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, specific learning disabilities, mental illness, multiple sclerosis, parkinsonism, haemophilia, thalassemia, sickle cell disease, multiple disabilities (combinations).
• Disability certified by a Notified Medical Authority in your state — the format is the standard Disability Certificate (Form V) under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Rules 2017.
• Hold a UDID Card (Unique Disability ID) or at least an interim/provisional UDID. UDID is mandatory since 2022 for claiming reservation.
• Be an Indian citizen and meet the post-specific qualifications (educational, age before relaxation, etc.).

The 5-year age relaxation (10 years for SC/ST/OBC PWD) applies on top of the upper age limit prescribed for the post — under §38 and the DoPT OM 4 Jan 2021.

Without UDID you cannot claim reservation in any central recruitment cycle (and most state cycles).

• Apply at swavlambancard.gov.in — register with Aadhaar, upload disability certificate (or apply for fresh certification through the same portal which routes you to the District Disability Certification Camp).
• Processing usually 30-90 days. If stuck more than 60 days, see RTI for UDID delay.

• Central: UPSC (upsc.gov.in), SSC (ssc.gov.in), RRB (rrbcdg.gov.in / regional), IBPS (ibps.in), Banking (sbi.co.in / bank careers), DoPT-administered Group A/B services.
• State: state PSC websites + local Employment Newspaper.
• PSUs: GATE-based (NTPC, BHEL, IOCL etc.) + direct recruitment notifications on company sites.

Each notification mentions the PWD vacancy break-up for the cycle. Verify your sub-category (a/b/c/d) is included.

In the application form:

• Tick “PWD” (not just “OBC/SC/ST” — it is a horizontal reservation, so you select both the vertical (Gen/SC/ST/OBC/EWS) and horizontal (PWD)).
• Select your specific PWD sub-category (a/b/c/d) per RPwD §34.
• Upload UDID card scan + Disability Certificate.
• Claim fee waiver — most central recruitments waive fees fully for PWD candidates.
• Claim age relaxation by selecting the appropriate field; many forms auto-relax.

Mandatory request before the exam date (cut-off usually 7-15 days before exam):

• Scribe — for candidates with visual impairment, locomotor disability of upper limbs, or learning disability. You can either bring your own scribe (with a self-declaration) or request the agency to provide one.
• Extra time — typically 20 minutes per hour (i.e., 1-hour exam → 80 minutes; 3-hour exam → 4 hours).
• Accessible exam centre — ground floor or lift-accessible.
• Sign-language interpreter — for hearing-impaired candidates in interview rounds.
• Magnified question paper / screen-reader accessible computer-based exam interface.

These rights flow from §20 + §38 of the RPwD Act and detailed instructions in the DoPT OM No. 36035/02/2017-Estt.(Res) dated 15 January 2018 (read with subsequent revisions).

• The 4% reservation is implemented through a horizontal roster. PWD candidates compete in the general/SC/ST/OBC merit lists; if a PWD candidate clears the general cutoff, they take a general slot without consuming a PWD quota seat. If they clear only the PWD-specific cutoff, they take a PWD-quota seat.
• Carry-forward: under §34 read with the DoPT OM 4 Jan 2021, any unfilled PWD vacancy in a recruitment cycle is carried forward for 3 years — it doesn't lapse. This is a frequent compliance failure point.

• On allotment, you'll undergo a medical re-verification at the Departmental Medical Board (mostly a formality if your UDID is fresh and the disability is permanent).
• Reasonable accommodation must be provided at the workplace under §3 + §40 — accessible toilet, ramp, screen-reader software, sign-language at meetings, etc.

+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Item                    | Specifics               | Legal anchor          |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Reservation %           | 4% horizontal in all    | §34 RPwD Act 2016 +   |
|                         | govt establishments     | DoPT OM 4 Jan 2021    |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Sub-quotas (1% each)    | (a) blindness/LV;       | §34(1)(a)-(d)         |
|                         | (b) hearing impairment; |                       |
|                         | (c) locomotor/CP/MD/    |                       |
|                         |     acid attack;        |                       |
|                         | (d) autism/ID/SLD/MI/   |                       |
|                         |     multiple            |                       |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Minimum disability %    | 40% (benchmark)         | §2(r) RPwD Act        |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Age relaxation          | 5 yrs general PWD;      | §38 + DoPT OM         |
|                         | 10 yrs SC/ST/OBC PWD    |                       |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Exam fee                | Fully waived in most    | §38 + agency-specific |
|                         | central recruitments    |                       |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Carry-forward of        | 3 years for unfilled    | DoPT OM 4 Jan 2021    |
| vacancies               | PWD vacancies           |                       |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Mandatory document      | UDID Card + Disability  | RPwD Rules 2017       |
|                         | Certificate (Form V)    |                       |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| Higher education quota  | 5% reservation          | §32 RPwD Act          |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+
| RTI to recruiting PIO   | ₹10 IPO. BPL = free.    | RTI Act 2005          |
+-------------------------+-------------------------+-----------------------+

• Roster not at 4%. Many establishments still operate at 3% (the 1995 Act level) or have selectively skipped PWD vacancies. Verifiable through RTI on roster register.
• “Non-identified post” defence. Department says the post is not identified for PWD. Often factually incorrect — DoPT consolidated lists already identified most general administrative, technical and clerical posts. Challenge with DoPT OM citation + RTI for identified-posts list.
• Medical re-verification fails on a technicality. Sometimes the Departmental Medical Board lowers the disability percentage below 40%. Appeal to the State Medical Board for re-assessment.
• Accommodation not provided in exam. Scribe denied at last minute, no extra time, inaccessible centre. Document everything; complain to the recruiting agency + Chief Commissioner PWD.
• Carry-forward not honoured. Vacancies kept “vacant” rather than rolled forward — mostly a record-keeping failure.
• UDID still pending at the time of application cut-off. Provisional/temporary UDID is acceptable in most agencies if produced before final selection.
• Fee waiver not given despite valid PWD ticking — typically a portal bug; raise grievance immediately so application is not rejected for non-payment.
• Wrong sub-category selected (e.g., autism candidate selecting locomotor); ineligible for the post sought. Re-check before submission.
• Reservation roster manipulated to count Gen-merit PWD candidates against the PWD quota — illegal under §34 (PWD merit clearing the general cutoff goes against general roster).

Every recruiting agency has a designated grievance/feedback cell. UPSC: feedback@upsc.gov.in. SSC: SSC HQ Public Grievance email. Filing here creates a paper trail; reply usually within 21 days.

Statutory authority with civil-court powers (summon, examine on oath, take evidence). Each state has one — addresses on the DEPwD website (depwd.gov.in). Petitions are decided in 60-90 days; orders are binding.

The apex statutory authority for central matters. Address: Sarojini House, 6 Bhagwan Dass Road, New Delhi – 110001. Email: ccpd@nic.in. Online petition system at ccpd.nic.in. Hears cases against central government departments / PSUs / autonomous bodies. Orders are appealable only to the High Court.

pgportal.gov.in → “Lodge Public Grievance” → Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment → DEPwD. SLA 30 days. Useful when the dispute spans multiple agencies.

Every recruiting agency (UPSC, SSC, RRB, IBPS, state PSCs, individual PSUs) is a public authority under §2(h) of the RTI Act 2005, with designated PIOs.

RTI helps here when:

• You suspect the roster is below 4% — RTI for the horizontal reservation roster register of the last 3 cycles, with PWD slots filled vs vacant.
• The agency claims a post is “non-identified” — RTI for the latest DoPT/Department-wise identified-posts list as adopted by the agency.
• You were excluded from the PWD allocation despite clearing the cutoff — RTI for the PWD-locomotor (or other sub-category) cutoff for that exam, plus the merit position used for your exclusion.
• Carry-forward vacancies from earlier years are not honoured — RTI for the carry-forward register for the last 3 years and the reasons for any lapsed slots.
• Accommodation (scribe, extra time, accessible centre) was denied — RTI for the accommodation request register and basis of denial.
• Reasonable accommodation at the workplace post-joining is being refused — RTI to the establishment for the accessibility audit report and §40 implementation status.

For the actual one-page RTI template, see RTI in 12 simple steps.

RTI does NOT help here when:

• You want the disability percentage on your certificate increased — that is a medical assessment; appeal to the State Medical Board.
• You missed the application deadline — RTI cannot extend a recruitment cycle.
• You want a court to mandamus the agency to appoint you — that requires a writ petition under Article 226 (after exhausting Chief Commissioner remedies).
• For legal interpretation of whether your specific condition qualifies — that is professional advice; consult a disability-rights lawyer.

Q. I have 39% disability. Can I claim the 4% reservation?
No — the benchmark is 40% under §2®. Below that, you can still seek some benefits like accessibility accommodations under §3 + §20, but not the §34 reservation.

Q. My UDID card has expired. Can I still apply?
Renew it first at swavlambancard.gov.in. For permanent disabilities, UDID is now issued lifetime (no expiry); for progressive/temporary conditions, periodic re-validation is required.

Q. Are PSU jobs covered under the 4% reservation?
Yes — all “establishments” of the appropriate Government, including Central PSUs, statutory bodies, and government-aided autonomous institutions are covered under §34. Private companies are not (only the non-discrimination duty under §20 applies privately).

Q. Can I claim the 5-year age relaxation in addition to OBC's 3 years?
Yes — the relaxations are cumulative. An OBC candidate with PWD locomotor gets 3 + 10 = 10 years (the OBC relaxation is subsumed; PWD-OBC gets 10 years total per DoPT OM 4 Jan 2021).

Q. Was selected on PWD quota; reasonable accommodation at workplace is being denied. What now?
Petition the Chief Commissioner for PWD under §74-§76. Order is binding on the establishment.

Q. The exam centre allotted is on the 4th floor with no lift. What can I do?
File an immediate written request to the recruiting agency for an accessible centre (with UDID copy). Most agencies relocate within 48-72 hours when contacted before exam day. If denied, file a Chief Commissioner petition citing §40 (accessibility).

Q. I have a learning disability (dyslexia). Do I get a scribe in objective-type exams?
Yes — under the DoPT OM 29 August 2018 (specific learning disabilities), candidates are entitled to a scribe + extra time. Your UDID category should reflect SLD.

Q. My reservation slot was kept “vacant” rather than filled by the next PWD candidate in merit. Is that legal?
No — under §34(2), unfilled PWD vacancies must be filled in subsequent cycles via carry-forward, not de-reserved. Challenge before the Chief Commissioner with RTI evidence.

• RTI for UDID / Disability Certificate delay
• RTI in 12 simple steps — for first-time filers
• All Indian government helplines — one master directory
• RTI forms + state-wise fee chart
• All "money & schemes" RTI guides

Last reviewed: 26 April 2026 by RTI Wiki editorial team. Identified-posts lists and DoPT OMs on PWD reservation are revised periodically — verify the latest at depwd.gov.in / dopt.gov.in or write to admin@bighelpers.in if you spot a stale citation.